of

¹

[ uhv, ov; unstressed uhvbefore consonants, uh ]

preposition

1. (used to indicate distance or direction from, separation, deprivation, etc.):

   within a mile of the church; south of Omaha; to be robbed of one's money.

2. (used to indicate derivation, origin, or source):

   a man of good family; the plays of Shakespeare; a piece of cake.

3. (used to indicate cause, motive, occasion, or reason):

   to die of hunger.

4. (used to indicate material, component parts, substance, or contents):

   a dress of silk; an apartment of three rooms; a book of poems; a package of cheese.

5. (used to indicate apposition or identity):

   Is that idiot of a salesman calling again?

6. (used to indicate specific identity or a particular item within a category):

   the city of Chicago; thoughts of love.

7. (used to indicate possession, connection, or association):

   the king of France; the property of the church.

8. (used to indicate inclusion in a number, class, or whole):

   one of us.

9. (used to indicate the objective relation, the object of the action noted by the preceding noun or the application of a verb or adjective):

   the ringing of bells; He writes her of home; I'm tired of working.

10. (used to indicate reference or respect):

    There is talk of peace.

11. (used to indicate qualities or attributes):

    an ambassador of remarkable tact.

12. (used to indicate a specified time):

    They arrived of an evening.

13. Chiefly Northern U.S. before the hour of; until:

    twenty minutes of five.

14. on the part of:

    It was very mean of you to laugh at me.

15. in respect to:

    fleet of foot.

16. set aside for or devoted to:

    a minute of prayer.

17. Archaic. by:

    consumed of worms.

of

²

[ uhv ]

auxiliary verb

, Nonstandard.

1. have:

   He should of asked me first.

OF

³

or OF., O.F.

abbreviation for

1. Old French ( def ).

of-

⁴

1. variant of ob- (by assimilation) before f: offend.

OF

¹

abbreviation for

1. Old French (language)

of

²

/ ɒv; əv /

preposition

1. used with a verbal noun or gerund to link it with a following noun that is either the subject or the object of the verb embedded in the gerund

   the breathing of clean air (object)

   the breathing of a fine swimmer (subject)

2. used to indicate possession, origin, or association

   the house of my sister

   to die of hunger

3. used after words or phrases expressing quantities

   a pint of milk

4. constituted by, containing, or characterized by

   a man of some depth

   a family of idiots

   a rod of iron

5. used to indicate separation, as in time or space

   within a mile of the town

   within ten minutes of the beginning of the concert

6. used to mark apposition

   the city of Naples

   a speech on the subject of archaeology

7. about; concerning

   speak to me of love

8. used in passive constructions to indicate the agent

   he was beloved of all

9. informal.
   used to indicate a day or part of a period of time when some activity habitually occurs

   I go to the pub of an evening

10. before the hour of

    a quarter of nine

Usage Note

Of is sometimes added to phrases beginning with the adverb how or too followed by a descriptive adjective: How long of a drive will it be? It's too hot of a day for tennis. This construction is probably modeled on that in which how or too is followed by much, an unquestionably standard use in all varieties of speech and writing: How much of a problem will that cause the government? There was too much of an uproar for the speaker to be heard. The use of of with descriptive adjectives after how or too is largely restricted to informal speech. It occurs occasionally in informal writing and written representations of speech. couple, off.

Usage

See off

Spelling Note

Because the preposition of, when unstressed ( a piece of cake ), and the unstressed or contracted auxiliary verb have ( could have gone, could've gone ) are both pronounced [uh, v] or [uh] in connected speech, inexperienced writers commonly confuse the two words, spelling have as of ( I would of handed in my book report, but the dog ate it ). Professional writers have been able to exploit this spelling deliberately, especially in fiction, to help represent the speech of the uneducated: If he could of went home, he would of.

Word History and Origins

Origin of of¹

First recorded before 900; Middle English, Old English: “of, off”; cognate with German ab, Latin ab, Greek apó; a- ², o', off

Origin of of²

A phonetic spelling representing the pronunciation of the word in continuous rapid speech

Word History and Origins

Origin of of¹

Old English (as prep and adv); related to Old Norse af, Old High German aba, Latin ab, Greek apo

Example Sentences

Using historical data and a novel set of weather-based predictors, the authors based their research on measuring advection -- the rate of water movement -- between two hydrometric stations on the Ottawa River.

From Science Daily

Historical data collected over decades by the Government of Canada was supplemented by data on rainfall, temperature and humidity levels, among other parameters.

From Science Daily

The researchers built on an existing type of algorithm called group method of data handling.

From Science Daily

"Instead of giving them the estimates for temperatures or rainfall at some point in the future, we can give them the water levels."

From Science Daily

To Ahmed, who is pursuing his studies in flood evacuation preparedness, this model is only one tool he hopes authorities can use ahead of disastrous flooding.

From Science Daily