Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by US President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War that ordered the freeing of enslaved peoples in Confederate states not yet captured by Union forces.

How is Emancipation Proclamation pronounced?

[ ih-man-suh–pey-shuhn prok-luh–mey-shuhn ]

After signing a preliminary order on September 22, 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863, two years into the Civil War.

During those first two years, ending slavery had not been a primary goal of the Civil War. Union leaders primarily wanted to stop slavery from expanding into the Western states. In fact, many Northerners opposed emancipation, especially in border states such as Kentucky that allowed slavery.

As the war went on, however, Lincoln came to see the importance of emancipation, or the act of freeing enslaved people, as a tactic to end the conflict. In 1862, after a symbolic Union victory, Lincoln threatened to declare the freedom of enslaved people in the Confederate states if those states didn’t return to the Union. When the Confederacy didn’t respond, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. It declared that any enslaved people in states designated as rebelling against the Union would be free from that moment onward. It also permitted formerly enslaved people to join the US army, and meant that when an enslaved person in the affected territories escaped the Confederate government’s control, they were automatically freed.

The Emancipation Proclamation didn’t immediately end all slavery in the US. In Union border states and in Confederate territories captured by the Union, slavery remained “as if this proclamation had not been issued,” according to the January 1 proclamation. Also, at the time, the Confederacy, of course, had rejected Lincoln’s authority over them, so the Union would have to win to enforce the order.

Nevertheless, the Emancipation Proclamation boosted the Union army’s ranks by allowing Black soldiers to join. It also helped to turn public perception of the Civil War from a fight for unification into a fight for freedom, a moral cause that deterred foreign powers from supporting the Confederacy.

With the Emancipation Proclamation as its forerunner, the Thirteenth Amendment, which formally abolished slavery across the United States, was ratified on December 9, 1865, after the Civil War ended.

The end of slavery in the U.S. is often celebrated on the holiday known as Juneteenth, which commemorates the anniversary of the day (June 19, 1865) on which enslaved African Americans in Texas became some of the last enslaved people in the U.S. to be informed that slavery had been abolished.

“From the veranda, Lincoln would have been able to see fresh graves being dug at the Soldiers’ Home National Cemetery. He wrote several drafts of the Emancipation Proclamation in the cottage’s study.”
—Gillian Brockell, Washington Post, May 15, 2017

This content is not meant to be a formal definition of this term. Rather, it is an informal summary that seeks to provide supplemental information and context important to know or keep in mind about the term’s history, meaning, and usage.