confounding

[ kon-foun-ding, kuhn- ]

adjective

1. perplexing or bewildering:

   He’s hosting an evening of readings from some of the most sensational and confounding cases of Sherlock Holmes.

2. throwing someone or something into confusion or disorder:

   Still in shock, his wife broke the confounding news that their only son had been killed by a stray bullet.

3. Statistics. interacting with both the dependent and independent variables in an experiment or study, making it impossible to determine a causal effect between them:

   The authors list potential confounding factors, but it is not clear from the paper whether all of these were controlled for in the analyses.

noun

1. the act of perplexing, bewildering, causing confusion or disorder, etc.:

   The Jaredite civilization is supposed to have formed in the wake of the miraculous confounding of languages at the Tower of Babel.

2. the act of treating or viewing different things as if they were the same:

   I have always found the confounding of Christmas and Hanukkah disturbing.

Other Words From

• con·found·ing·ly adverb
• un·con·found·ing adjective
• un·con·found·ing·ly adverb

Word History and Origins

Origin of confounding¹

First recorded in 1425–75; confound ( def ) + -ing ²( def ) for the adjective senses; confound ( def ) + -ing ¹( def ) for the noun senses

Example Sentences

That hope wavered and wobbled throughout a 28-20 win over Nebraska, as USC’s new quarterback looked equally dynamic and confounding at different junctures.

From Los Angeles Times

The work, which had its New York premiere on Thursday and repeats on Saturday, is capacious, confounding, cathartic.

From New York Times

They scored five times in a fifth-inning rally fueled by shockingly poor Yankees defense, including a dropped line drive in center field from Aaron Judge and Gerrit Cole’s confounding decision to not cover first base.

From Los Angeles Times

It is also, by far, the most confounding.

From Los Angeles Times

And looking back now, it’s become a confounding issue the club is trying to address.

From Los Angeles Times

Related Words

• confusion
• error
• misconception
• misinterpretation
• misjudgment
• mistake
• mix up