biomagnification

[ bahy-oh-mag-nuh-fi-key-shuhn ]

noun

1. biological magnification.

biomagnification

/ bī′ō-măg′nə-fĭ-kā′shən /

1. The increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. As a result of biomagnification, organisms at the top of the food chain generally suffer greater harm from a persistent toxin or pollutant than those at lower levels.
2. Compare bioaccumulation

Word History and Origins

Origin of biomagnification¹

First recorded in 1970–75; bio- + magnification

Example Sentences

POPs include chlorinated hydrocarbons and flame retardants, and can accumulate in animals' fat stores as the contaminants move up the food chain though a process called biomagnification.

From Science Daily

"We see a much different pattern. Air-breathing organisms are more vulnerable to bioaccumulation and biomagnification" of the chemicals.

From Salon

Mercury spreads into the aquatic ecosystem via a process called biomagnification and concentrates rapidly as it passes up the food chain.

From The Guardian

Because of their position as apex predators, many marine mammals accumulate high concentrations of contaminants absorbed by the organisms they feed upon: a textbook case of the phenomenon known as biomagnification.

From Salon

As DDT climbed each rung of this ladder, the chemical accumulated exponentially, a process known as biomagnification.

From New York Times

More About Biomagnification

What does biomagnification mean?

Biomagnification, or biological magnification, is the increasing buildup of toxic substances within organisms that happens at each stage of the food chain.

For example, when a lion eats a crocodile (yes, this happens), it ingests the toxins in the crocodile, which include the toxins from all the animals that the crocodile has ever eaten, which include the toxins from all the plants that those animals have ever eaten. At each stage of the food chain, the toxic buildup increases.

The buildup of toxic substances within a single organism is called biological accumulation (or bioaccumulation). Biomagnification, then, is when the biological accumulation in each organism is compounded (added together, or magnified). Due to biomagnification, the amount of toxic substances (such as mercury or pesticides) is greater in the bodies of organisms (including humans) that consume other organisms.

Biomagnification occurs because some toxic substances don’t get broken down or filtered out of the body. This means that every organism that eats another gets loaded up with a lot of accumulated bad stuff.

Why is biomagnification important?

Like it or not, there are toxins in many of the foods that we eat. A well-known toxic substance is mercury, which is found in high concentrations in certain fish. When you eat a fish, you are also consuming any mercury it may contain, and in large concentrations, mercury can have severe effects on the human body. Other toxic substances include the chemical bisphenol-A (BPA), which is found in some plastic containers and can leach into food, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which occur as a by-product of grilling meat.

To understand biomagnification, it is important to understand how the food chain works. In the food chain, there are producers and consumers. Producers create their own food and do not need to physically eat anything. Plants are the main producers because they use energy from the sun to create their own food (through photosynthesis). Consumers that eat producers (plants) are called herbivores; consumers that eat other consumers are called carnivores; and consumers that eat both are called omnivores. Through bioaccumulation, all organisms build up toxic substances over time. When any one of these organisms gets eaten, all of its toxins are eaten along with it, so this toxic buildup is magnified at each step in the food chain.

Since the introduction of pesticides and herbicides, there are more and more toxic substances that can biomagnify. The once commonly used insecticide DDT was banned for agricultural use in many countries in the 1970s, but it can still be found in the bodies of some animals today. It was especially harmful to bald eagles, who ate fish contaminated with the chemical, which had run off into bodies of water. The DDT caused the shells of eagles’ eggs to be thinner, leading to fewer hatchlings. Because of this, the bald eagle nearly became extinct, and since the DDT ban, it has taken decades for its population to recover.

Did you know ... ?

Mercury concentration is higher in some fish than others. Not surprisingly, bigger fish that eat a lot of other fish have the highest concentrations, including mackerel, tuna, grouper, sharks, and swordfish.

What are real-life examples of biomagnification?

Biomagnification is an important part of understanding how the food chain works. Because we can’t assume that a toxic substance will just go away, we need to be extra careful about what we eat and what kinds of things we put into the environment.

<iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TZk6vcmLcKw" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>

"Two key concepts worsen methylmercury's impact:

-Bioaccumulation and;

-Biomagnification.

Methylmercury never leaves the body, instead building up over time. However, our focus should be on the plastic pollution issue rather than mercury discharge."https://t.co/usDmwa6mKJ

— ꪜ𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚌 🥑 (@vegix) September 11, 2019

The monitool project aims to look at part of the persistence of heavy metals, through bioaccumulation and biomagnification along the aquatic food chain, heavy metals contamination ultimately affects human health #DCUResearch #MONITOOL #Interreg pic.twitter.com/iLwWsXR7PI

— Water Institute DCU (@DCUWater) January 31, 2018

 

What other words are related to biomagnification?

• bioaccumulation
• toxin
• food chain
• consumer
• producer
• omnivore
• herbivore
• carnivore

Quiz yourself!

True or False?

Biomagnification is the same as bioaccumulation.