race norming

or race-norming

noun

1. the process of statistically adjusting a person's test score based on the performances of others in the same racial or ethnic group.

Word History and Origins

Origin of race norming¹

First recorded in 1991

Example Sentences

League officials admitted to using race norming—the assumption that Black players have lower baseline cognitive function than white players and suffer less from concussion—in settlements for concussion-related injuries.

From Scientific American

The use of “race norming” in the dementia testing made it more difficult for Blacks to prove they had the kind of cognitive decline that qualifies retired players for awards that average $500,000 or more.

From Seattle Times

When the NFL introduced a revised testing plan for its $1 billion settlement of concussion claims Wednesday, the league did so to eliminate the use of “race norming” — a controversial medical practice that assumes Black players have lower cognition function than other races.

From Washington Times

The NFL has denied using race norming to discriminate.

From Washington Times

According to The Associated Press, the use of race norming in dementia testing was developed by neurologists in the 1990s as a way to factor in a patient’s socioeconomic background.

From Washington Times

About This Word

What does race norming mean?

The term race norming refers to the practice of using a person’s racial classification as a factor in adjusting the results of medical, psychological, neurological, or other similar tests or assessments.

In assessments that use race norming, such as aptitude tests or calculations of risk for certain conditions or diseases, the test subject’s racial classification is typically considered along with other factors, such as age and sex, with the stated aim of providing a result that’s more accurate due to accounting for demographic differences.

The practice is also sometimes called race adjustment, race correction, race-based score adjustment, or ethnic adjustment.

Early uses of the practice that became known as race norming involved adjusting the scores of aptitude and skills tests to account for biases thought to be contained in such tests. The practice has since been applied to medical and other assessments in different ways.

Race norming has come under widespread criticism due to evidence that it is often based on inaccurate data or assumptions and that it leads to overall poorer outcomes (especially health outcomes) for Black people and other people of color.

In such criticism, race norming is often cited as an example of systemic racism and as contrary to the understanding of race as a social construct that is not a reliable indicator of biological differences.

The practice of race norming became the focus of widespread media attention in 2021 due to reports that the practice had been used (under the name “demographic correction”) in tests to determine the level of cognitive decline in former National Football League (NFL) players. Specifically, these tests were alleged to have assumed a lower baseline level of cognition for Black players than for white players, making it more difficult for Black players to prove a loss of cognitive ability due to brain and head injuries (notably concussions) and the conditions linked to such injuries (including dementia). Some Black former players and their families sued the league, claiming that test results deprived them of the settlement they would have received if they had been white. The NFL later announced it would no longer use race norming in such tests, but litigation and aspects of the settlement are ongoing.

Where does race norming come from?

In the term race norming, the word norming is another word for adjusting, specifically the adjusting of test results based on certain characteristics of test subjects. It’s primarily used in the context of medical and psychometric testing.

The term race norming has been used since at least the early 1990s. Early uses of the term referred to a practice first used around the early 1980s by the U.S. Department of Labor. At that time, the scores of aptitude and skills tests for potential employees were adjusted due to the belief that biases within the tests had historically led to lower scores among test takers identified as Black and Hispanic.

The issue became a source of debate, with some opponents arguing that it constituted anti-white employment discrimination. Legislation made the use of the practice by government agencies illegal in 1991.

However, outside of government, forms of race norming have been applied in psychoneurological and other medical tests. Critics of such practices have shown evidence that such use, regardless of intent, is often detrimental to Black people and other people of color. Notably, critics have demonstrated in many cases that the adjustments made via race norming are based on unscientific foundations, and some institutions have ended such practices.

The term gained more widespread use and awareness in 2021 following reports that the practice had been used in the testing of former NFL players in a way that many claimed had disadvantaged nonwhite players.

Did you know ... ?

What are some synonyms for race norming?

• race adjustment
• race correction
• race-based score adjustment
• ethnic adjustment

What are some words that share a root or word element with race norming? 

• race
• norm

What are some words that often get used in discussing race norming?

• racism
• bias
• assessment
• demographic
• risk
• psychometrics
• aptitude
• cognitive

How is race norming used in real life?

The term race norming has historically been used in the context of psychometric, neurological, and medical testing. It is now commonly used in the context of criticism of the practice as being an example of systemic racism in healthcare and other fields.

"By requiring race norming to determine neurocognitive impairments in former players, the NFL acted as a racialized organization." | Analysis by @tracie_canada and @AudreTaughtMe2 https://t.co/kEynhFXnbe

— Scientific American (@sciam) October 13, 2021

This race – norming policy in the NFL is one of the worst things I've ever heard about in sports.

— Khalid Salaam (@MrKhalidS) June 7, 2021

Curious to see how NFL is going to claim "race norming" is not systemic racism.

— D. R. Dick (@granitevoter) February 3, 2021